Your work for the long weekend is to complete your synthesis work from the short unit we recently completed on unethical experiments. The specific details of the assignment can be found below. In addition, if you want to look at the articles or the Nuremberg Codes, they can also be found below, or in the "Check it Out!" section of this website.
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HOMEWORK
DUE MONDAY 9/26/16! Select ONE of the three options to show your understanding of the contrast between the two physician’s oaths you studied in class. Due Mon 9/26. •Option 1: Write two academic TE/EA paragraphs comparing and contrasting the Hippocratic Oath with the second oath you were assigned. -Terms/phrases that must be included are: standard of care, euthanasia, moral principles, basis of law (underline those terms when they are used). -Focus on the Hippocratic oath in the first paragraph and the other oath in the second paragraph. -Be sure to use TE/EA structure for each. You can use your handouts to select quotes (E/E) -Analysis of the first paragraph should the strengths and/or weaknesses of the Hippocratic oath and why they are important for patients and doctors -Analysis of the first paragraph should the strengths and/or weaknesses of the second oath and why they are important for patients and doctors. It should also leave the reader thinking about the impact of these two oaths and how they affect us today •Option 2: Write a dialogue between two doctors who believe in the two different oaths. In it, they should be arguing with each other about which oath is the most successful and why. Get creative! -Dialogue should be 1 - 2 pages long. -Terms/phrases that must be included are: standard of care, euthanasia, moral principles, basis of law (underline those terms when they are used). -Feel free to place this dialogue in current-day America! Example: Hippocrates:”Hello Dr. Mal, I was wondering if you would like to take the Hippocratic oath? It’s the oldest doctor’s oath around! Dr. Mal: “Hey Hippocrates, I’m sorry but your oath is so outdated. We don’t have the same moral principles as you did back then.” Hippocrates: “What do you mean? Why would you say a thing like that?” Dr. Mal: “Well, you see…” • •Option 3: Write your own physician’s oath. Combine the strongest and most successful elements of the different oaths we’ve studied in class to create the perfect example. Have fun, be creative! -Oath should be approximately 1 page long. -Your oath must address at least 10 of the 12 categories we studied in class (from your charts) -You will also write a 1 page explanation for how and why you created your oath the way you did. Consider: -Why did you include certain elements and exclude others? -What was your thought process when considering what is most important for a doctor to believe in? -What makes your oath the best out of the ones we studied in class? Give clear examples. DUE TUESDAY 9/20/16
Complete your worksheet comparing/contrasting the Hippocratic Oath with the new oath you received in class today. The different oaths are listed below: 1. The Declaration of Geneva, as currently published by the World Medical Association[6] reads: At the time of being admitted as a member of the medical profession:
Hippocratic Oath (Modern) I swear to fulfill, to the best of my ability and judgment, this covenant:... I will respect the hard-won scientific gains of those physicians in whose steps I walk, and gladly share such knowledge as is mine with those who are to follow. I will apply, for the benefit of the sick, all measures which are required, avoiding those twin traps of overtreatment and therapeutic nihilism. I will remember that there is art to medicine as well as science, and that warmth, sympathy, and understanding may outweigh the surgeon's knife or the chemist's drug. I will not be ashamed to say "I know not," nor will I fail to call in my colleagues when the skills of another are needed for a patient's recovery. I will respect the privacy of my patients, for their problems are not disclosed to me that the world may know. Most especially must I tread with care in matters of life and death. Above all, I must not play at God. I will remember that I do not treat a fever chart, a cancerous growth, but a sick human being, whose illness may affect the person's family and economic stability. My responsibility includes these related problems, if I am to care adequately for the sick. I will prevent disease whenever I can, for prevention is preferable to cure. I will remember that I remain a member of society, with special obligations to all my fellow human beings, those sound of mind and body as well as the infirm. If I do not violate this oath, may I enjoy life and art, respected while I live and remembered with affection thereafter. May I always act so as to preserve the finest traditions of my calling and may I long experience the joy of healing those who seek my help. The Nuremburg Code
2. Solemn Oath of a Physician of Russia [1992] In the presence of my Teachers and colleagues in the great science of doctoring, accepting with deep gratitude the rights of a physician granted to me I SOLEMNLY PROMISE: • to regard him who has taught me the art of doctoring as equal to my parents and to help him in his affairs and if he is in need; • to impart any precepts, oral instruction, and all other learning to my pupils who are bound by the obligation of medical law but to no one else; • I will conduct my life and my art purely and chastely, being charitable and not causing people harm; • I will never deny medical assistance to anyone and will render it with equal diligence and patience to a patient of any means, nationality, religion, and conviction; • no matter what house I may enter, I will go there for the benefit of the patient, remaining free of all intentional injustice and mischief, especially sexual relations; • to prescribe dietetic measures and medical treatment for the patient’s benefit according to my abilities and judgment, refraining from causing them any harm or injustice; • I will never use my knowledge and skill to the detriment of anyone’s health, even my enemy’s; • I will never give anyone a fatal drug if asked nor show ways to carry out such intentions; • whatever I may see and hear during treatment or outside of treatment concerning a person’s life, which should not be divulged, I will keep to myself, regarding such matters as secret; • I promise to continue my study of the art of doctoring and do everything in my power to promote its advancement, reporting all my discoveries to the scientific world; • I promise not to engage in the manufacture or sale of secret remedies; • I promise to be just to my fellow doctors and not to insult their persons; however, if it is required for the benefit of a patient, I will speak the truth openly and impartially; • in important cases I promise to seek the advice of doctors who are more versed and experienced than I; when I myself am summoned for consultation, I will acknowledge their merit and efforts according to my conscience. If I fulfill this Oath without violating it, let me be given happiness in my life and art. If I transgress it and give a false Oath, let the opposite be my lot. 3. The American Medical Association (AMA) The medical profession has long subscribed to a body of ethical statements developed primarily for the benefit of the patient. As a member of this profession, a physician must recognize responsibility to patients first and foremost, as well as to society, to other health professionals, and to self. The following Principles adopted by the American Medical Association are not laws, but standards of conduct which define the essentials of honorable behavior for the physician. Principles of medical ethicsI. A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. II. A physician shall uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or competence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities. III. A physician shall respect the law and also recognize a responsibility to seek changes in those requirements which are contrary to the best interests of the patient. IV. A physician shall respect the rights of patients, colleagues, and other health professionals, and shall safeguard patient confidences and privacy within the constraints of the law. V. A physician shall continue to study, apply, and advance scientific knowledge, maintain a commitment to medical education, make relevant information available to patients, colleagues, and the public, obtain consultation, and use the talents of other health professionals when indicated. VI. A physician shall, in the provision of appropriate patient care, except in emergencies, be free to choose whom to serve, with whom to associate, and the environment in which to provide medical care. VII. A physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health. VIII. A physician shall, while caring for a patient, regard responsibility to the patient as paramount. IX. A physician shall support access to medical care for all people. If you did not finish your classwork, here are the questions from today.
DUE TOMORROW 9/15 The New York Times has a column called “The Ethicist” where people write in with ethical dilemmas and ask for advice. In your groups: •In one or two sentences, what is the dilemma, or problem, being posed here? •What was the ethicist’s response? •Do you agree with his response? Why or why not? •If you were the ethicist, how would you have responded to this person? •How do norms, morals and ethics impact your scenario? •If there are differing answers to the last three questions within the group, record all differing opinions that arise Homework:
**DUE TUESDAY 9/13** The ability to react to a quotation by explaining what it means, taking a stand on it, and showing its relevance and connection to other aspects of life is an important skill to have! Select a quote that you want to write about and write a "rumination" paragraph based on it. You can use the quote you took home from class, or choose a different one below. RUMINATION PARAGRAPH (TE/EA structure) To ruminate (verb) - to think deeply about something. Pick one quote to RUMINATE on. •T - Take a stance in reaction to the quote (do you agree? Disagree? Are you surprised? Disappointed? Inspired? Angry?). Make sure you’re also interpreting the quote - saying what you believe it means. •E/E•Explain why you had this response to the quotation/how your thinking about the quotation developed. Use at least two specific reasons or examples to show your thinking or make connections (things you’ve read about/witnessed/experienced) •A•What is the take-away from this quote? What is an important effect or message that this quote can have on our thinking and/or understanding? SAMPLE PARAGRAPH: "The good physician treats the disease; the great physician treats the patient who has the disease." –William Osler This quote by William Osler inspires me because it captures what it really means to be a successful doctor. Osler states that mediocre doctors simply address the physical consequences of a disease, whereas a great doctor treats the entire person who is suffering from it. For example, a doctor who is giving a needle to a child should not just coldly administer the shot. A great doctor would calm the child, explain the procedure, and maybe even give them candy when it’s over. A doctor who is helping someone with a serious or frightening illness has to both treat their patient AND help them to move on with their lives by providing medical care and emotional counseling. Doctors have jobs that involve directly treating illness, but it is important that a doctor not forget that they also need to be caring and thoughtful about the person that they are treating. Osler is explaining that truly successful doctors should be able to deal with both the social and diagnostic aspects of their job. QUOTES:
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